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Cake day: 2026年2月10日

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  • Honestly it depends on the country. Many european kingdoms like Germany, Poland or Great Moravia were more like consolidated tribal confederations at first, so the King was more closer to “first among equals” and only firmly controlled “his” tribal base. In cases like England or Castile where there was massive land redistribution (Reconquista & Norman Conquest) it was closer to what you said. Carolingian Feudalism also worked that way, where aristocrats where more like viceroys or mangers with their lands being “easily” revoked if run afoul of the King - back then most peasants were also free farmers and not serfs.

    Absolutism was then the transitional state towards modern capitalist nation states. It saw the rise of like the principles of “the states does things” and territorialization with things like border patrol or the idea of a closed space constituting a country.