Good evening, my name is Youcef, and today I will share with you a reflection I had on global geopolitics and tribalism. To do so, we are going to address in this text, which may be very long, many themes that are not seen from this angle, across several parts. First, we will try to look at the concept of tribalism through the lens of Jahiliyyah (the ignorance preceding the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him) and we will see why this metaphor explains a lot of things, notably the Arab dogma that became Houari Boumediene’s—may Allah have mercy on him—famous phrase regarding Palestine. We will also cite the case of America First, although less detailed since I have studied it less, but we will talk about it for the sake of symmetry, and I leave it to the experts among you; I will return to this specific point later in my reasoning. Next, we will discuss how even complex cases like India—finally, we will tackle an interesting conclusion from an angle that has almost never been approached regarding the rational school and the institutional school, and we will try to explain the arguments against them and why, in reality, many of them are either weak or reinforce this hypothesis through semantics, meaning the sense of words and euphemisms. So, on this, let us begin: thus, Jahiliyyah is an Islamic concept that precedes the arrival of the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him. It notably has interesting characteristics in its tribalism or Asabiyyah—a word meaning, among other things, fanaticism, notably developed by the famous historian Ibn Khaldun. So, in summary, the tribalism of Jahiliyyah, including the one who uttered the famous phrase “stand by your brother, whether he is just or unjust” associated with Jundub ibn Anbar, boils down to a logic of blood where justice was not present but only the clan, and the clan alone, hence the violent wars it caused. It was characterized by sacred months, which are those of Islam that you might know, especially if you are Muslim like me, during which war was halted and trade resumed significantly—we will discuss this later in the section on India, but we are still far from it. So after that comes Islam, and notably a hadith, meaning a saying reported from the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, through chains of individuals reputed for their reliability, where he quotes this adage of Jahiliyyah but changes its meaning to make it just, specifying that it means by advising him. Now that this is done, let us begin with the first point: Houari Boumediene, former president of Algeria, declared regarding Palestine that we will be with it, whether it is just or unjust. This model was cited from the hadith according to its defenders; we will see together why it stems more from tribalism. So, let us analyze the classic defense: first of all, we have the argument of the sacred cause, fair enough, but we will agree that Islam is a sacred cause within the Arab world, yet the Arab world agrees on criticizing the method some use to defend Islam according to them, like terrorist groups. Yet, why when some Palestinians tarnish the cause by their actions—not all of them, but some obviously do—should we not bring them to order?